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一艘货轮卸货后在浩瀚的大海上返航时，突然遭遇了可怕的风暴。水手们惊慌失措，经验丰富的老船长果断地命令水手们立刻打开货舱，往里面灌水。“船长是不是疯了，往船舱里灌水只会增加船的压力，使船下沉，这不是自寻死路吗?”一个年轻的水手嘟哝着。
看着船长严厉的脸色，水手们还是照做了。随着货船里的水位越升越高，随着船一寸一寸地下沉，猛烈的狂风巨浪对船的威胁却一点一点地减少，货轮渐渐平稳了。
船长望着松了一口气的水手们说：“百万吨的巨轮很少有被打翻的，被打翻的常常是份量轻的小船。船在负重的时候，是最安全的;空船时，则是最危险的。”
Homeward bound after unloading its cargo, a ship ran into a violent storm in the middle of a vast ocean. The seamen were thrown into a panic. Without hesitation, the old but seasoned captain ordered water be poured into the hold immediately. "A mad man, isn't he? He is going to bring his own destruction by filling water into the hold and making the ship go down", grumbled a young sailor.
Noticing the captain's stern look, the sailors reluctantly carried out his order. With the water coming up in the hold and the ship going down inch by inch, the threatening of the violent storm to the ship gradually subsided and the ship started to stablize.
The captain said to the relieved sailors: "A million ton" ship seldom turns over; it's often the small ships that sank easily. It's safest when a ship is with load, and the most dangerous when without."
这就是“压力效应”。那些得过且过，没有一点压力，做一天和尚撞一天钟的人，像风暴中没有载货的船，往往一场人生的狂风巨浪便会把他们打翻。
This is called the "pressure effect". The man who always muddles through in his work will easily be frustrated in a competitive society just like an unloaded ship that will turned over easily in a storm.
...
When a human infant is born into any community in any part of the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided neither of them __1__
have been damaged in any way either before or during birth. Firstly, and most __2__
obviously, new born children are completely helpless. Apart from a powerful
capacity to pay attention to their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing __3__
the new born child can do to ensure his own survival. Without care from some
other human being or beings, be it mother, grandmother, or human group, a
child is very unlikely to survive. This helplessness of human infants is in marked
contrast with the capacity of many new born animals to get on their feet within __4__
minutes of birth and run with the herd within a few hours. Although young
animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for weeks or even months after birth, __5__
compared with the human infant, they very quickly develop the capacity to
fend for them. __6__
It is during this very long period in which the human infant is totally
dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature which it shares with all __7__
other undamaged human infants, a capacity to learn language. For this reason,
biologists now suggest that language be “ species specific” to the human race, __8__
that is to say, they consider the human i...
For the last fifteen or twenty years the fashion in criticism or appreciation of the arts have been to deny the existence of any valid criteria and to make the __1__
words “good” or “bad” irrelevant, immaterial, and inapplicable. There is no such thing, we are told, like a set of standards first acquired through experience and __2__
knowledge and late imposed on the subject under discussion. This has been a __3__
popular approach, for it relieves the critic of the responsibility of judgment and the
public by the necessity of knowledge. It pleases those resentful of disciplines, it __4__
flatters the empty-minded by calling him open-minded, it comforts the __5__
confused. Under the banner of democracy and the kind of quality which our
forefathers did no mean, it says, in effect, “Who are you to tell us what is good
or bad?” This is same cry used so long and so effectively by the producers of mass __6__
media who insist that it is the public, not they, who decide what it wants to hear __7__
and to see, and that for a critic to say that this program is bad and that program
is good is pure a reflection of personal taste. Nobody recently has expressed this __8__
philosophy most succinctly than Dr. Frank Stanton, the highly intelligent __9__
president of CBS television. At a hearing before the Federal Communications
Commission, this phrase...
During the early years of this century, wheat was seen as the very lifeblood of Western Canada. People on city streets watched the yields and the price of wheat in almost as much feeling as if they were growers. The marketing of wheat __1__
became an increasing favorite topic of conversation. __2__
War set the stage for the most dramatic events in marketing the western crop.
For years, farmers mistrusted speculative grain selling as carried on through the Winnipeg Grain Exchange. Wheat prices were generally low in the autumn,
so farmers could not wait for markets to improve. It had happened too often that __3__
they sold their wheat soon shortly after harvest when farm debts were coming due, __4__
just to see prices rising and speculators getting rich. On various occasions, producers __5__
groups asked firmer control, but the government had no wish to become __6__
involving, at least not until wartime when wheat prices threatened to run wild. __7__
Anxious to check inflation and rising life costs, the federal government appointed __8__
a board of grain supervisors to deal with deliveries from the crops of 1917
and 1918. Grain Exchange trading was suspended, and farmers sold at prices
fixed by the board. To handle with the crop of 1919, the government appointed __9__
the first Canadian Wheat Board, with total authority to buy, sell, and set pri...
Sporting activities are essentially modified forms of hunting behavior. Viewing biologically, the modern footballer is revealed as a member of a disguised __1__
hunting pack. His killing weapon has turned into a harmless football and his prey into a goal-mouth. If his aim is inaccurate and he scores a goal, __2__
enjoys the hunter’s triumph of killing his prey. __3__
To understand how this transformation has taken place we
must briefly look up at our ancient ancestors. They spent over a million __4__
year evolving as co-operative hunters. Their very survival depended on success __5__
in the hunting-field. Under this pressure their whole way of life, even if their __6__
bodies, became radically changed. They became chasers, runners, jumpers,
aimers, throwers and prey-killers. They co-operate as skillful male-group __7__
attackers.
Then, about ten thousand years ago, when this immensely long formative __8__
period of hunting for food, they became farmers. Their improved intelligence,
so vital to their old hunting life, were put to a new use—that of penning, __9__
controlling and domesticating their prey. The food was there on the farms,
awaiting their needs. The risks and uncertainties of farming were no longer __10__
essential for survival.
参考答案及解析:
1. 将viewing改为viewed
非谓语动词view和句子的主语是逻辑动宾...
There are great impediments to the general use of a standard in pronunciation comparable to that existing in spelling (orthography). One is the fact that pronunciation is learnt ‘naturally’ and unconsciously, and orthography __1__
is learnt deliberately and consciously. Large numbers of us, in fact, remain throughout our lives quite unconscious with what our speech sounds __2__
like when we speak out, and it often comes as a shock when we __3__
firstly hear a recording of ourselves. It is not a voice we recognize at once, __4__
whereas our own handwriting is something which we almost always know. We __5__
begin the ‘natural’ learning of pronunciation long before we start learning to
read or write, and in our early years we went on unconsciously imitating and __6__
practicing the pronunciation of those around us for many more hours per every __7__
day than we ever have to spend learning even our difficult English spelling.
This is ‘ natural’, therefore, that our speech-sounds should be those of our im- __8__
mediate circle; after all, as we have seen, speech operates a means of holding a
community and to give a sense of ‘belonging’. We learn quite early to recognize a __9__
‘stranger’, someone who speaks with an accent of a different community—perhaps
only a few miles far. __10__
...
The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric human __1__
ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing with animal foods __2__
An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed that one-half emphasize gathering plants foods, one-third concentrate on fishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters,
Overall, two-thirds and more of the hunter-gatherer’s calories come from __3__
plants. Detailed studies of the Kung by the food scientists at the University
of London, showed that gathering is a more productive source of food
than is hunting. An hour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible __4__
calories, as an hour of gathering produces 240. __5__
Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, and no __6__
one goes hungry when the hunt fails. Interestingly, if they escape fatal infections
or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to old ages despite of the absence __7__
of medical care. They experience no obesity, no middle-aged spread, little
dental decay, no high blood pressure, no heart disease, and their blood
cholesterol levels are very low (about half of the average American adult). __8__
If no one is suggesting that we return to an aboriginal life style, we certainly __9__
could use their eating habi...
Classic Intention Movement
In social situations, the classic Intention Movement is “the
chair-grasp”. Host and guest have been talking for some time, but now the host has an appointment to keep and can get away. His urge __1__
to go is held in cheek by his desire not be rude to his guest. If he did __2__
not care of his guest’s feelings he would simply get up out of his chair __3__
and to announce his departure. This is what his body wants to do, __4__
therefore his politeness glues his body to the chair and refuses to let him __5__
raise. It is at this point that he performs the chair-grasp Intention __6__
Movement. He continues to talk to the guest and listen to him, but leans
forward and grasps the arms of the chair as about to push himself upwards. __7__
This is the first act he would make if he were rising. If he were not __8__
hesitating, it would only last the fraction of the second. He would lean, __9__
push, rise, and be up. But now, instead, it lasts much longer. He
holds his “readiness-to-rise” post and keeps on holding it. It is as if his __10__
body had frozen at the get-ready moment.
答案及解析:
1. 将can改为must
根据上下文的意思“主人有一个约会，必须离开”是客观要求，而不是“能不能”或者“可不可以”的问题。
2. not后面加to
desire 后应该加动词不定式to do something。
3. 将of 改为about
care about意思为“对…在意，在乎”，而care of 意思...
Most people would describe water like a colorless liquid. They __1__
would know that in very cold conditions it becomes a solid called
ice and that when heating on a fire it becomes a vapor called steam. __2__
However, water, they would say, is a liquid. We have learned that water consists of molecules composed with two atoms of hydrogen __3__
and one atom of oxygen, which we describe by the formula H2O.
This is equally true of the solid called ice and the gas called steam.
Chemically there is no difference between the gas, the liquid, and
the solid, all of which is made up of molecules with the formula H2O. __4__
This is true of other chemical substances; most of them can exist as
gases or as liquids or as solids. We may normally think of iron as a
solid, but if we will heat it in a furnace, it will melt and become a __5__
liquid, and at very high temperatures it will become a gas. Nothing
very permanent occurs when a gas changes into a liquid or a solid.
Everyone knows that ice, which has been made by freezing water,
can be melted again by warmed and that steam can be condensed __6__
on a cold surface to become liquid water. In fact, it is only because
water is so a familiar substance that different names are used for __7__
the solid, liquid and gas. Most substances are only familiar with __8__
Artists use caricature to distort the human face or figure for comic affect, __1__
while at the same time capturing an identifiable likeness and suggests the essence __2__
of the personality or character beneath the surface. The humor lies in the fact __3__
the caricature is recognizable, and yet exaggerated.
From their origin in Europe as witty sketches, caricature grew through __4__
the eighteenth and nineteenth century, becoming enormously popular in __5__
the United States early in this century. In 1920s and 1930s especially,
this lively form of illustration was appeared in newspapers and __6__
magazines throughout the country. The caricaturists in this era drew his __7__
portraits of important figures primary to entertain. In spirit their work was __8__
close to the humor of the fast-developing comic strip and gag cartoon than to the __9__
string of political satire. Their subjects were more often amusing than offended __10__
by amiable attacks.
参考答案及解析:
1. 将affect改为effect
affect是动词。effect是名词。
2. 将suggests改为 suggesting
这是一个以while引导的从句，其中suggest应该与capturing并列。
3.在fact后面加上that
因为引导同位语从句的关系词不可以省略。
4. 将their改为its
这里its指代单数名词caricature
5. 将century改为复数形式
6. 将was省略
appear是不及物动词，不应用于被动语态。
7. 将his改为their
这里指代复数名词 the ca...
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