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备考的方法对了,学习效率当然会更高,留学群托福栏目为您带来“托福综合写作两大能力”,一起来看看吧!
在托福写作备考的过程中,比较注重于对于综合阅读文章的总结和阐释,但是,我们又不能完全照抄其中的原文。所以,在这个过程中,概括能力和转述能力成为了综合写作的两大核心能力。
在综合写作中,对综合写作阅读内容的总结和阐释不能照抄阅读文章原文,因此概括能力(summarization skills)和转述能力(paraphrasing skills)成为了综合写作的两大核心能力。
所谓概括能力,是指将段落中的论据或细节通过递进、并列、转折、因果等关系进行组织。
我们来看下列的段落:
The online questionnaire is able to feature many online options to help a respondent complete the survey that normally he or she might not be able to receive. For example, there could be a glossary to explain an unknown word. Also, the questionnaire submission is much easier, done at the click of a button instead of wasting time and effort via mailing the forms.
这个段落的分论点是many online options(在线选项)可以帮助很多问卷调查者(respondents)更好地完成问卷。通过论据和细节的展开,我们知道这些 online options 既包括 glossary 对不熟悉的单词进行解释,又包括easy submission.
所以用一句话来概括这段话,应该为:
There are more online features that are helpful for questionnaire respondents, such as glossaries to explain unfamiliar words and easy submissions at the click of a button.
再如:Moreover, genetically modified trees promise to bring a number of economic benefits to those who grow them. Genetically modified trees tend to grow faster, give greater yields of food, fruit, or other products, and be hardier. This allows tree farmers to get faster and greater returns on their farming investment and save on pesticides as well.
这个段落的分论点是 genetically modified trees(...
今天留学群托福栏目的小编给大家带来"如何取得托福综合写作的高分",以下是详细内容,希望对同学们有所帮助!
首先,summarize,也就是概括阅读和听力文章的主要内容和各三个分论点。这其实就是Introduction要写的内容,掌握了概括,第一段就不成问题咯!
其次,Paraphrase,也就是改写。掌握好了改写句子,你写起文章来将会感觉到如鱼得水,游刃有余。 改写其实主要有下面的两种方法:
第一,使用不同的词汇
a.使用同义词,比如以下的一些写作高频词汇的同义词,你一定要掌握,出现的尤为频繁。
important→essential, crucial, vital, significant
think→claim, believe, consider, deem, figureout
nowadays→currently, at present, now, recently, in recent years, these days
b.改变词性,这是一种稍微难一些的方法,要求你的语法基础非常好,你才能灵活自如的运用。
n. → v.
Eg:When we look at a comparison
between A and B…
When we compare A and B…
Adj. → n.
There are a variety of solutions
to the problem.
There are various solutions to the problem.
c. 使用不同的承接词。承接词在文章当中的使用相当频繁,不仅是段落和段落的连接,还包括句子和句子的连接。背住一些常用的承接词比你的改写将会有极大的作用。
because of → due to, owing to, because, as, since, for
but → however, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas
so → therefore, hence, thus, consequently
d.形容词的逆向表达。在某些形容词上进行修改,会达到非比寻常的效果。
Eg: not as easy as…→more difficult than…
Not uncommon→common
The cheapest → the least expensive
第二,使用不同的句型
a. 改变词序。这是非常简单的一种方法,完全不用动脑筋就可以进行改写。常常将句子中的状语(包括状语从句)换位置。
Eg: For many years, people have believed ….
→People believed… for many years.<...
托福写作除了日常的练习外,巧妙使用一些技巧会更容易拿高分哦。留学群托福栏目的小编为您整理“如何提炼托福综合写作听力分论点”,希望对大家有所帮助!
一. 了解听力文章结构
听力文本结构与阅读文本一致,分为四个段落,一个主观点加三个分论点。
二. 听力解题步骤
1. 听力的首段可以忽略
在综合写作中,听力内容都是去反驳阅读的内容,所以可以通过阅读观点可以预判得出听力的观点。
2. 听力分论点的给出方式
通过顺序词判断听力分论点的位置
顺序词: firstly, first, secondly, thirdly, finally
Example:
First of all, the public is likely to have greater exposure to fossils as a result of commercial fossil trade, not less exposure.
And third, the uneven pattern of otter decline is better explained by the orca predation theory than by the pollution theory.
重复阅读观点再转折得出听力观点
转折连词:although, though, but, however
Example:
Second, although orcas may prefer to hunt whales, whales have essentially disappeared from the area because of human hunters.
分论点的细节抓取
注意逻辑连词,逻辑连词之后的内容都是听力中的细节,有时候即使听力分论点没有听力也可以通过细节推论得出分论点
逻辑词:因果 because, as, for, since, so, therefore, hence, as a result, thus
让步although, though, but, however, yet, on the other hand
递进 besides, furthermore, moreover, what’s more. In addition
举例 for example for instance
Example: tpo10 分论点二
First, the pollution theory is weakened by the fact that no one can really find any dead sea others washing off on Alaskan beaches. That's not what you would expect if infections caused by pollution started...
托福写作除了日常的练习外,巧妙使用一些技巧会更容易拿高分哦。留学群托福栏目的小编为您整理“考生分享托福综合写作高分技巧”,希望对大家有所帮助!
第一,使用不同的词汇
a.使用同义词,比如以下的一些写作高频词汇的同义词,你一定要掌握,出现的尤为频繁。
important→essential, crucial, vital, significant,
think→claim, believe, consider, deem, figure out
nowadays→currently, at present, now, recently, in recent years, these days
b.改变词性,这是一种稍微难一些的方法,要求你的语法基础非常好,你才能灵活自如的运用。
n. → v.
Eg:When we look at a comparison between A and B…
When we compare A and B…
Adj. → n.
There are a variety of solutions to the problem.
There are various solutions to the problem.
c. 使用不同的承接词。承接词在文章当中的使用相当频繁,不仅是段落和段落的连接,还包括句子和句子的连接。背住一些常用的承接词比你的改写将会有极大的作用。
because of → due to, owing to, because, as, since, for
but → however, nevertheless, nonetheless, whereas
so → therefore, hence, thus, consequently
d.形容词的逆向表达。在某些形容词上进行修改,会达到非比寻常的效果。
Eg: not as easy as…→more difficult than…
Not uncommon→common
The cheapest → the least expensive
第二,使用不同的句型
a. 改变词序。这是非常简单的一种方法,完全不用动脑筋就可以进行改写。常常将句子中的状语(包括状语从句)换位置。
Eg: For many years, people have believed ….
→People believed… for many years.
After this programs has been solved, work on … can continue.
b. 主动语态和被动语态的互相替换Eg: Trained scientists performed this research.
→Th...
托福作文也需要不断的练习与积累,为了帮助考生们更加有效的备考托福,留学群托福考试栏目为大家提供“托福综合写作必备能力之归纳及改写”,希望考生们能有所收获。
托福综合写作“归纳”,就是考生能够把握托福综合写作阅读材料和听力材料中论证的重点,也即观点和论点。对于阅读材料,如何归纳呢?以TPO29托福综合写作阅读其中一段材料为例:First, the edmontosaur's diet supports the migration hypothesis. Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants. Since there would have been no plants growing during the cold and dark North Slope winter, it appears that the edmontosaur must have left for at least part of the year and migrated to more temperate zones to find food.
概括内容为:Edmontosaurs fed exclusively on plants----- have to leave the cold and dark North Slope winter to more temperate zones to find food .
对应的托福听力材料:First, the edmontosaur did not have to migrate to find food. One hundred million years ago the summer temperatures in the North Slope area were warmer than they are today. And remember in arctic regions like the North Slope the sun shines 24 hours a day at the peak of the summer, the warm temperatures and the extensive daylight created incredibly good growing conditions for plants, so much vegetation was produced during the summer that when the vegetation died as the winter came, there was a lot of nutritious dead vegetation around in the winter. The edmontosaur could have easily lived on the dead plant matter during in the winter.
概括为:Edmontosaurs did not have to migrate to find food---the summer temperatures in the North Slope area were warmer than they are today,there was a lot of nutritious dead veget...
托福作文也需要不断的练习与积累,为了帮助考生们更加有效的备考托福,留学群托福考试栏目为大家提供“托福综合写作必备方法”,希望考生们能有所收获。
托福综合写作的考试形式对于中国的高中生和大学生来说是不太熟悉的。这部分的写作不是一般意义上的写作,比如给出话题写一篇文章,而是要考察学生的综合能力。考试要求先花3分钟的时间读一篇300字左右的文章,之后听一段相关的材料,最后根据听到的内容和阅读材料写出一篇180-225个字之间的文章。文章只是对听力和阅读内容的总结概括,要求不能出现个人观点。简单来说,综合写作就是对阅读和听力的归纳总结。
1.根据阅读材料,猜测听力内容
对于大多数考生而言,想要在规定时间内大致上看懂托福阅读是不难的。因为文章都是按照总-分-总的结构和内容来编排,快速浏览第一句话就可大致了解全文的主题,而读懂首段最后一个句子或是后半部分就可以了解作者的态度和观点。同样的,要想知道全文有几条理由,只需轻松地看看全文有几个主体段落,并且在每个主体段落的第一句话,一般也能直接找到中心理由陈述。所以如果考生在平时备考过程中就事先熟知托福写作的这套出题规律,那么考场上必然可以争分夺秒,将剩余的1-2分钟阅读时间用来辅助听力内容。
2.阅读和听力文章的内容形式是一定的
纵观TPO综合写作的文章,不难发现,不论是阅读还是听力都是给出一个主题句,之后用三个论点进行论证。而且阅读中的论点和听力中的论点是对应的,听力中分别对阅读论点加以反驳。
根据以上总结出来的规律作为依据,我们在听力不好的情况下,通过阅读文章进行对听力的预测和判断,依然可以得到重要的信息。
策略:找出阅读的主旨句,推断听力的主旨句。
3.精听主体首句,静候关系连词
考生可以通过其他的方法来等待到我们需要的反驳理由。而此时连接词的重要性就不可小觑了。比如说如果每段首句就是反驳理由的话,一般会容易听到because之类表示具体解释的连词;相反,如果反驳理由藏在段落中间或是后边,那么考生就一定要竖起耳朵准备听到表示转折的词汇了,如but, while, however, 甚至是even though, although等表示让步的词汇,而且一般来说,这些转折词后就是反驳理由。而在此之后,如果再听到because那么说明这里开始要叙述细节的理由支撑了,如果这点也能听懂记下的话那么高分就更加不用愁了,答案可能也就隐藏其中。
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